RESUMO
Human-animal chimera research has gradually evolved to the present day, in which large projects related to the attempt to solve pathologies that help us human beings to alleviate diseases. However, it must be considered that many of these advances in science imply an important ethical dilemma in many cases, and even more so if we involve people in said experiments. In the present systematic review we sought to identify these ethical problems related to chimeras, as well as possible solutions to them proposed in the literature, including technical means for the realization of less humanized chimeras. A bibliographic search was carried out in the Pubmed, Embase and Medes databases on January 4 th, 2022. The articles that strictly comply with the objectives selected for the completion of the work will be selected. A total of 21 articles makes up our sample, from which ethical problems related to chimeras, possible solutions and technical means to avoid obtaining too humanized chimeras will be extracted. The issues identified in the articles are problems related to animal welfare, acquisition of human traits from chimeras, medical concerns derived from experimentation such as zoonoses, the origin of pluripotential cells for chimera production, the creation of human gametes by said chimeras, neurological chimerism and the moral status of chimeras. This paper provides solutions for these problems, such as the use of suicide genes in human cells that would be activated if they differentiate into neuronal cells or the use of gene editing through the CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism to incapacitate these cells so that they do not differentiate into neuronal cells. The only question that remains elusive to the proposal of solutions is the one related to the potential moral status of chimeras. It is certainly a complex issue given the variety of proposals on the concept of moral status available in literature. It is therefore necessary to bring these proposals closer to reflection on human-animal chimeras in order to initiate a discussion that can shed light on this issue.
Assuntos
Quimera , Ética em Pesquisa , Animais , HumanosRESUMO
Las investigaciones con quimeras humano-animales han evolucionado gradualmente hasta día de hoy, en que se plantean grandes proyectos relacionados con el intento de solucionar patologías que nos ayu den a los seres humanos a paliar enfermedades. Sin embargo, se debe de tener en cuenta, que muchos de estos avances científicos llevan implícito un dilema ético importante en muchos casos, y más si se involucra a personas en dichos experimentos. En la presente revisión sistemática se buscó identificar estos problemas éticos relacionados con las quimeras, así como posibles soluciones a los mismos propuestas en la literatura, incluyendo medios técnicos para la realización de quimeras menos humanizadas. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática en las bases de datos Pubmed, Embase y Medes con fecha 4 de enero de 2022. Se seleccionan los artículos que cumplían estrictamente con los objetivos seleccionados para la realización del trabajo. Un total de 21 artículos componen nuestra muestra, de los cuales se extraen problemas éticos relacionados con las quimeras, posibles soluciones y medios técnicos para evitar la obtención de quimeras demasiado humanizadas. Las cuestiones identificadas en los artículos seleccionados son problemas relacio nados con el bienestar animal, adquisición de rasgos humanos de las quimeras, preocupaciones médicas derivadas de la experimentación como pueden ser las zoonosis, el origen de las células pluripontenciales para la realización de quimeras, la creación de gametos humanos por parte de dichas quimeras, el qui merismo neurológico y el estatus moral de las quimeras. En el trabajo se aportan soluciones para estos problemas, tales como la utilización de genes suicidas en las células humanas que se activarían si estas se diferencian en células neuronales o el uso de la edición genética mediante el mecanismo CRISPR/Cas9 para incapacitar a estas células para que no se diferencien en células neuronales (AU)
Human-animal chimera research has gradually evolved to the present day, in which large projects re lated to the attempt to solve pathologies that help us human beings to alleviate diseases. However, it must be considered that many of these advances in science imply an important ethical dilemma in many cases, and even more so if we involve people in said experiments. In the present systematic review we sought to identify these ethical problems related to chimeras, as well as possible solutions to them proposed in the literature, including technical means for the realization of less humanized chimeras. A bibliographic search was carried out in the Pubmed, Embase and Medes databases on January 4th, 2022. The articles that strictly comply with the objectives selected for the completion of the work will be selected. A total of 21 articles makes up our sample, from which ethical problems related to chimeras, possible solutions and technical means to avoid obtaining too humanized chimeras will be extracted. The issues identified in the articles are problems related to animal welfare, acquisition of human traits from chimeras, medical concerns derived from experimentation such as zoonoses, the origin of pluripotential cells for chimera production, the cre ation of human gametes by said chimeras, neurological chimerism and the moral status of chimeras. This paper provides solutions for these problems, such as the use of suicide genes in human cells that would be activated if they differentiate into neuronal cells or the use of gene editing through the CRISPR/Cas9 mech anism to incapacitate these cells so that they do not differentiate into neuronal cells. The only question that remains elusive to the proposal of solutions is the one related to the potential moral status of chime ras (AU)
